富镍锂离子电池三元材料NCM的研究进展

锂离子电池作为新能源电池符合时代要求，具有良好的应用前景。电池容量、倍率性能与循环性能是电池性能的重要评价指标，在选取高能量密度电极材料的同时要充分考虑电池结构稳定性及其安全性能，三元材料基于这种思路进行设计。目前，针对电池中锂离子导通率与结构不可逆坍塌问题，通过包覆涂层、离子掺杂等手段改善锂离子电池性能已经常态化，实际需求要求有更有效的改性方法。因此，本文综述了富镍锂离子电池三元材料LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂（NCM424）、LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂(NCM523)、LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂(NCM622)和LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂(NCM811)的研究现状与发展导向，认为简单的单一材料改性已遇到瓶颈，改性方法复合、设计材料多元结构是提升电池性能的一大发展方向；从改性材料的合成和运行路径入手，研究分子水平上的作用机制，建立统一理论模型，通过计算模拟手段设计电极结构，实现锂离子电池突破性的发展。     

微纳功能材料在环境治理中的应用

介绍了处理空气和水体污染的各类吸附材料，并阐述了目前在环境治理中“强化富集/催化降解”一体化复合材料的最新研究进展。本文通过对比发现，尽管吸附材料价格便宜、稳定且易操作，对于废水和废气具有较好的吸附性能，且吸附能力可以通过一定的改性方法进一步提升，但存在吸附量低极易饱和、材料更换比较频繁、吸附饱和后容易造成二次污染等缺点，而催化技术是将这些污染物催化氧化成CO₂和H₂O等无机小分子，价格便宜、无二次污染、净化率高、能耗低。通过将吸附与催化技术相结合，可以发现吸附材料的加入成功提升了催化剂的催化效率，既可以解决吸附技术的缺点，同时保留催化技术的优点，是目前处理这些污染物最有前景的方法之一。     

过硫酸盐活化方式与氧化降解有机物效能及其在污染场地修复中的应用

过氧单硫酸盐（PMS）及过二硫酸盐（PDS）在工业污染场地修复中应用广泛，通过活化作用能够产生氧化性更强的·\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}}自由基，从而更好地氧化降解有机污染物。本文比较了几种典型活化方式，包括紫外（UV）、碱、过渡金属、热以及含碳物质，并分析了它们的优缺点及适用条件；讨论了过硫酸盐活化机理及动力学过程；分析了无机阴离子（Cl^-、\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\text{-}}\text{/}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}\text{-}}、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\text{-}}、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{\text{-}}、\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}\text{-}}、{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}}）与·\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}}自由基相互作用及其对有机污染物氧化降解的影响；针对活化过硫酸盐在工业污染场地修复领域的应用，对过硫酸盐活化方法的发展趋势进行了展望。理论研究和实践表明，过硫酸盐不同活化方式为工业污染场地修复提供了多样选择，多种活化方式协同作用将是过硫酸盐高效活化氧化降解有机污染物的发展方向。由于Cl^-、\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\text{-}}\text{/}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}\text{-}}抢夺·\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}}的能力较强，认为这些无机盐与有机物复合的污染场地或土壤采用PDS修复需格外谨慎选择活化方法。     

Review of composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications

A composite cathode exhibits low activation polarisation by spreading its electrochemically active area within its volume. Composite cathodes enable the development of high-performance electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at intermediate temperatures (600 °C – 800 °C) because of their significant role in determining the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Few anions O²⁻ are transferred through the electrolyte component when the ORR is low, thereby lowering the reaction with cation H⁺ from an anode side to transfer electrons along the outer circuit to the cathode side to participate in ORR. The resistance to the ORR at the cathode is minimised, thereby contributing to performance degradation and efficiency loss in existing SOFCs, especially at intermediate temperatures. The suitability and compatibility of the cathode and electrolyte are crucial in the development of cathodes and electrochemical reactions. The intercomponent compatibility is important to ensure the robustness and durability of SOFCs, especially at an operating temperature around 800 °C, at which the components experience extreme thermal and mechanical stresses. Composite cathodes are used to improve cathode performance. These composite cathodes help enhance the properties of mixed electronic–ionic conductors and the intercomponent compatibility. Herein, we reviewed historical data of composite-cathode development for SOFCs, including its basic principle and criteria. The overall performance of as-synthesised composite cathodes in terms of microstructure, electrochemical reaction and intercomponent compatibility is briefly discussed.     

Kinetics of reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization of styrene using dibenzyl trithiocarbonate as RAFT reagent and costabilizer

The roles of dibenzyl trithiocarbonate (DBTTC) as both costabilizer and reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) reagent in RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene were investigated. The effectiveness of DBTTC costabilizer in retarding Ostwald ripening involved in the storage stability of miniemulsion is comparable to that of conventional low‐molecular‐weight costabilizers such as cetyl alcohol, but inferior to that of hexadecane. The major variables chosen for studying kinetics of RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations include the type of initiators and levels of DBTTC and surfactant. At a constant level of DBTTC, the rate of polymerization for benzoyl peroxide (BPO)‐initiated polymerization is slower than that for sodium persulfate (SPS)‐initiated polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization rate decreases with increasing level of DBTTC for polymerizations initiated by BPO (or SPS). It is the monomer droplet nucleation that governs BPO‐initiated polymerizations. In contrast, for SPS‐initiated polymerizations, the probability for homogeneous nucleation to take place is greatly increased, especially for polymerizations with lower levels of DBTTC and higher levels of surfactant. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Properties of alkali activated slag–fly ash blends with limestone addition

In this article, the effects of raw materials’ composition on fresh behavior, reaction kinetics, mechanical properties and microstructure of alkali activated slag–fly ash–limestone blends are investigated. The results indicate that, with the increasing content of fly ash and limestone, the slump flow increases. The setting times are shortened when increasing the slag content, while both fly ash and limestone show a negligible influence. The reaction process is slightly accelerated by the presence of limestone due to the extra provided nucleation sites, but the reaction process is mainly governed by the slag. The slag content exhibits a dominant role on strength in this ternary system, while for a constant slag content, the compressive strength increases with the increasing limestone content up to 30%. The microstructure analysis shows that the gel characteristics are independent of the limestone powder content. The presence of limestone in initially high Ca and Al conditions does not lead to the formation of additional crystalline phases, which is different from Portland cement systems. Both physically and chemically bound water contents are slightly increased when limestone powder is incorporated.     

天然土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)迁移的影响

以石英砂为填充介质，采用动态柱实验方法研究了某中低放处置场地表土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)在石英砂柱中迁移行为的影响，并结合静态批式实验探究了土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)迁移的影响机制。结果表明，当U(Ⅵ)进样质量浓度从1.0 mg/L增大至5.0 mg/L时，U(Ⅵ)在石英砂柱中的穿透速率显著增大，且达到洗脱平衡时所需淋洗液的体积从250 PVs（孔隙体积）增大至400 PVs。与U(Ⅵ)相比，土壤胶体在石英砂柱内迁移较快，这可能是由于土壤胶体与石英砂之间相互作用较弱所致。土壤胶体与U(Ⅵ)共存体系中，U(Ⅵ)的迁移速率明显增大，而土壤胶体迁移速率无显著变化，表明共存体系中U(Ⅵ)的迁移行为主要受土壤胶体所控制。静态吸附实验表明，在石英砂-U(Ⅵ)二元体系中，pH≈6.0时石英砂对U(Ⅵ)的吸附率最大，而在胶体-石英砂-U(Ⅵ)三元体系中，U(Ⅵ)主要在土壤胶体表面发生吸附。本研究所用土壤中胶体的质量分数仅约占0.04%，但可吸附20%U(Ⅵ)（初始质量浓度为5.0 mg/L）；由此可见，土壤胶体可与U(Ⅵ)发生强的相互作用，进而对U(Ⅵ)在真实环境体系中的吸附、迁移和扩散等行为产生至关重要的影响。     

含煤盆地深层“超饱和”煤层气形成条件

中国深层煤层气资源丰富，但总体勘探和认识程度较低，尚未形成较为系统的深层煤层气地质理论。通过解剖分析准噶尔盆地白家海凸起和鄂尔多斯盆地临兴区块深层"超饱和"煤层气井的试气/生产动态，估算原地游离气的含气量，分析了深层"超饱和"煤层气的形成条件。研究表明：①深层"超饱和"煤层气储层中除吸附气外，还含有原地游离气，用常规试气方法可直接获得气流，煤层气的产出不明显依赖于排水降压；②埋藏超过一定深度，在煤阶和温度的综合作用下，煤的吸附能力将随埋深的继续增加而降低，煤层中吸附气的饱和度有增加的趋势，在达到吸附饱和后，出现原地游离气并形成"超饱和"煤层气，盆地深层具有"超饱和"煤层气形成的优势条件；③由于地温梯度和压力梯度的不同，不同盆地"超饱和"煤层气出现的临界深度不同，异常高压和异常高热流可以降低深层"超饱和"煤层气形成的临界深度；④深层"超饱和"煤层气开发具有大大缩短见气时间、充分利用地层能量和累积产水量低等优势，有望成为未来煤层气勘探开发的一个重要领域。